How do inertial navigation systems determine an aircraft's position?

Inertial navigation systems determine an aircraft's position by utilizing internal sensors that measure acceleration and angular velocity. These systems typically consist of accelerometers and gyroscopes, which continuously monitor the aircraft's movements.

Accelerometers measure how the aircraft's speed changes over time by detecting the acceleration forces acting on it. Meanwhile, gyroscopes keep track of the orientation and rotational movement of the aircraft. By integrating this data over time, the inertial navigation system calculates the position and velocity of the aircraft relative to a known starting point.

This method is particularly advantageous because it does not rely on external factors, making the system self-contained and capable of operating in environments where satellite signals or visual references are obstructed or unavailable. Consequently, inertial navigation enhances reliability and precision in navigation, especially for military and commercial aircraft.